/lit/ - Literature

>>18223702
To avoid interpretations that prioritize one of the axes over the others, figure I shows the axis integrating relations between men (H) surrounding the rest and figure II represents the axis (H) surrounded by the other two. Once again in order to avoid substantiation, Bueno named each of the axes according to their role in the diagram (instead of using the traditional ideas of world, soul and God): the circular axis contains human subjects and those instruments through which those subjects act upon one another (H); the radial axis gathers any non-personal entity conceptualized by human techniques (N); the angular axis (A) integrates subjects equipped with will and knowledge, which are alive in our real world but which nevertheless are not humans. This triadic conception opposes itself to the dualism that appears in some interpretations of Plato, Augustine, Descartes, Hegel, Marx or Husserl.

1. Considered from the radial axis, philosophical materialism presents itself as cosmological materialism since it criticizes the view that describes the world as a contingent effect of a creating God who is the owner of the world's destiny. Cosmological materialism also includes a materialist understanding of the categorial sciences, that is, gnoseological materialism (a theory on how scientific categories become closed, or produce a circle of immanence around scientific truths understood as synthetic identities between parts of a given scientific field).

2. From the circular axis perspective, philosophical materialism resembles historical materialism in the critique of historical idealism and its project of explaining human history as a product of an "autonomous consciousness" in which the future of humanity is planned. Despite this resemblance, philosophical materialism rejects any teleology of human history and re-interprets the history of humanity as the history of universal empires. In this sense, it turns Marx upside down (as Marx claimed to be doing with Hegel’s philosophical system).

3. From the point of view of the angular axis, philosophical materialism acquires the form of a religious materialism critically opposed to spiritualism (that conceives of gods, spirits and souls as incorporeal entities). Philosophical materialism argues that those entities are neither spiritual nor products of a hallucinated imagination or social alienation; on the contrary, they are interpreted as real, corporeal entities able to act as numen and which have coexisted with human beings for millennia. Historically, and following ethological sciences, animals equipped with will and knowledge seem to be a good incarnation of real numina. When considered as numina, animals are part of the angular axis, possessing will and knowledge without being human beings and having been represented in prehistoric caves, thus making possible the following materialist principle: "Man made God in the image and likeness of animals."

>>17131804
There were all considered free men, and had similar rights before the law (Indians even had benefits over Spaniards on trials). The problem with the criollos started with the Borbounic Reforms, and still, doesn't change at all the classification of Spain as a generative empire.
And btw, neither me nor Bueno ever claimed that Spain was not exploitative. Let me quote Bueno himself:
Through its particular acts of violence, extortion and even enslavement, through which these universal empires developed, the truth is that the Roman Empire ended up granting citizenship to practically all the urban centers of its domains, and Spanish Empire, which always considered its subjects as free men, provided the precise conditions for the transformation of its Viceroyalties or Provinces into constitutional Republics.
And again
>There is no doubt, of course, that the conquest of America was carried out amid innumerable outrages, cruelty, extortion, and criminal acts; but most of these actions must be charged to the account of individuals and not to account of the policy of the Empire. Posed on this scale, the behavior of the Hispanic Empire is no different from the behavior of any other predatory empire. However, the question would be poorly posed in this way, because either we use a "molecular" scale, or we use a "molar" scale. The Hispanic Empire, like any other Empire, casts "historical figures" (on a molar scale) that, good or bad, can only be the result of the activities or groups of particular (molecular) individuals presided over by psychological (ethological) laws linked to ambition, envy, fear, pride, hardness of heart ... It is about recognizing the reality of an ongoing dialectic between its "molar" and "molecular" figures.
>>17131941
Everything you said in this post can easily be discarded.
The current state of Hispanic America and Spain has little to do with the empire.
Then you go say things out of your ass, like that Spain enslaved and exterminated the natives. Do you know what the Laws of Burgos were? You know that slavery and cruelty towards the natives was prohibited, and that the natives could denounce cases of cruelty done by Spaniards, carrying trials on which they had adventages?
And saying that Spain developed no infranstructure is simply retarded, when they build a lot of cities, hospitals, churches and universities.
>>17132003
Again, no one denies that there was cruelty, thing is that it was prohibited by the Law. Also, the Spanish Empire was more than gold, mines and slaves.
About the Castas, there was no such a thing, that's just a modern misinterpretation of some terms used back then.
>>17129655
Ah yes, the Quinto Real. Only 20% of that gold went to the metropoli (less than that, if you consider the pirate attacks), while the rest remained on the Viceroyalties, and was inverted on different things, such as building.

>>16875556
Wtf, I love Pound now

>>16707133
Refuted by Gustavo Bueno
http://www.filosofia.org/rev/bas/bas21101.htm